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Ranks in Indian Army| AISSEE | KV | JNV Entrance Exam 

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Commissioned Officers:

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Field Marshal (Honorary): This is a ceremonial rank and is the highest rank in the Indian Army. It is an honorary position awarded in recognition of exceptional service. As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Sam Manekshaw was the only Field Marshal in the Indian Army.

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General: A four-star officer, the Chief of the Army Staff, is the highest-ranking operational officer responsible for the overall planning and execution of military operations.

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Lieutenant General: Commands a corps and is responsible for operational planning and execution at a strategic level.

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Major General: Commands a division, which is a large military formation consisting of several brigades.

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Brigadier: Commands a brigade, a formation that typically consists of three or more battalions.

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Colonel: Commands a battalion, the fundamental tactical and operational unit of the Indian Army.

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Lieutenant Colonel: Second-in-command of a battalion or commands a sub-unit.

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Major: Commands a company or serves as a senior staff officer in larger units.

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Captain: Commands a company or serves as a staff officer.

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Lieutenant: Commands a platoon or serves in various staff and command appointments.

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Second Lieutenant: The entry-level officer rank, responsible for leading and managing a platoon.

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Junior Commissioned Officers (JCOs):

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Subedar Major (or Risaldar Major): The most senior JCO, responsible for maintaining discipline, morale, and welfare of the unit.

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Subedar (or Risaldar): Commands a company or equivalent sub-unit.

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Naib Subedar (or Naib Risaldar): Second-in-command of a company or equivalent sub-unit.

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Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs):

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Havildar (or Daffadar): Senior NCO in a platoon, responsible for leadership and training.

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Naik (or Lance Daffadar): Commands a section within a platoon.

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Lance Naik: Junior-most NCO, responsible for leading a small team within a section.

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Soldiers:

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Sepoy: The entry-level rank for soldiers, responsible for carrying out orders and tasks assigned by their superiors.

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Important Questions on Indian Polity for Competitive Exams | AISSEE | KV | JNV Entrance Exam

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1. What is the preamble of the Indian Constitution?

Answer: The preamble of the Indian Constitution is an introductory statement that sets out the guiding values and principles of the Constitution. It declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic, and it aims to secure justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity for its citizens.

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2. Who is known as the "Father of the Indian Constitution"?

Answer: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is known as the "Father of the Indian Constitution" for his significant role in drafting and shaping the constitution.

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3. What is the composition of the Parliament of India?

Answer: The Parliament of India consists of two houses: the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).

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4. How is the President of India elected?

Answer: The President of India is elected by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of Parliament, as well as the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States and Union territories.

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5. What is the term duration of the Lok Sabha?

Answer: The term duration of the Lok Sabha is five years, unless dissolved earlier.

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6. What is the minimum voting age in India?

Answer: The minimum voting age in India is 18 years.

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7. What is the role of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) in India?

Answer: The CAG is responsible for auditing the accounts of the Union and State governments. It ensures transparency, accountability, and proper use of public funds.

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8. Define federalism in the Indian context.

Answer: Indian federalism involves the distribution of powers and responsibilities between the Union and State governments as outlined in the Constitution. It emphasizes cooperative federalism where both levels of government work together for the common good.

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9. What is the significance of Article 370 in the Indian Constitution?

Answer: Article 370 granted special autonomy to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. However, it was abrogated in 2019, revoking the special status of the state.

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10. Who appoints the Chief Justice of India?

Answer: The Chief Justice of India is appointed by the President of India.

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11. Explain the concept of Judicial Review.

Answer: Judicial Review is the power of the judiciary to review and potentially invalidate laws and actions of the executive and legislative branches if they are found to be unconstitutional.

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12. What is the term duration of the Rajya Sabha?

Answer: The term duration of the Rajya Sabha is six years.

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13. Define the doctrine of Separation of Powers.

Answer: The doctrine of Separation of Powers emphasizes the division of governmental powers into three branches – executive, legislative, and judicial – to prevent the abuse of power and ensure checks and balances.

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14. Who is the head of the Union Executive in India?

Answer: The President of India is the head of the Union Executive.

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15. What is the importance of the 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution?

Answer: The 73rd and 74th Amendments introduced the concept of Panchayati Raj institutions and Urban Local Bodies, respectively, aiming to decentralize power and enhance local governance.

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16. What is the procedure for amending the Indian Constitution?

Answer: The Constitution can be amended through a special majority in both houses of Parliament. Certain amendments require ratification by a majority of the states.

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17. Who presides over the joint sessions of Parliament in India?

Answer: The Vice President of India, who is also the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, presides over joint sessions of Parliament.

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18. What is the significance of the National Emergency provision in the Constitution?

Answer: The National Emergency provision, as outlined in Article 352, grants the President extraordinary powers during times of perceived threat to the security of India.

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19. Define the term "Quorum" in the context of parliamentary proceedings.

Answer: Quorum refers to the minimum number of members required to be present for a parliamentary session to conduct its business. It is essential to ensure the legitimacy of proceedings.

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20. What is the purpose of the Finance Commission in India?

Answer: The Finance Commission is constituted to recommend the distribution of financial resources between the Union and the States and among the States themselves.

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21. Explain the concept of Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution.

Answer: Fundamental Rights are constitutional guarantees that protect the individual liberties and freedoms of citizens. They are enforceable by the judiciary.

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22. Who has the power to remove the President of India from office?

Answer: The President of India can be impeached by Parliament for violating the Constitution. The impeachment process involves charges, investigation, and a two-thirds majority in both houses.

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23. What is the significance of the 44th Amendment to the Constitution?

Answer: The 44th Amendment aimed to restore some of the democratic rights that were curtailed during the Emergency period. It made changes to various articles related to fundamental rights.

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24. Who appoints the Governor of a State in India?

Answer: The Governor of a State is appointed by the President of India.

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25. Explain the concept of Directive Principles of State Policy.

Answer: Directive Principles of State Policy are non-justiciable guidelines in the Constitution that direct the government to achieve social and economic justice, and promote the welfare of the people.

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26. What is the function of the Election Commission of India?

Answer: The Election Commission of India conducts free and fair elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. It ensures the implementation of the electoral process.

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27. Define the term "Writs" in the Indian legal context.

Answer: Writs are legal orders issued by the judiciary to enforce fundamental rights or protect against violations of the law.

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28. What is the structure of the Supreme Court of India?

Answer: The Supreme Court of India consists of a Chief Justice and a maximum of 34 other judges. It is the highest court in the country.

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29. What is the role of the Attorney General of India?

Answer: The Attorney General of India is the chief legal advisor to the government. They provide legal advice to the President and government ministries and represent the government in legal matters.

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30. Explain the concept of Ombudsman in India.

Answer: The Ombudsman, also known as the Lokpal, is an independent body appointed to investigate and address complaints of corruption against public officials and functionaries.

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31. Who is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha?

Answer: The Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

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32. What is the significance of the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution?

Answer: The 42nd Amendment, also known as the "Mini Constitution," made significant changes to the Constitution, expanding the powers of the Executive and limiting the scope of judicial review.

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33. Explain the concept of the Speaker's casting vote.

Answer: The Speaker's casting vote is used in the case of a tie during voting in the Lok Sabha. The Speaker can cast a vote to break the tie, but only to maintain the status quo.

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34. What is the role of the Planning Commission in India?

Answer: The Planning Commission was responsible for formulating five-year plans for economic development. However, it was replaced by the NITI Aayog in 2015.

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35. What is the purpose of the Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in India?

Answer: PIL is a legal action initiated by individuals or organizations for the benefit of the public. It allows citizens to seek justice and protect public interest.

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36. Who has the power to create new states and Union territories in India?

Answer: The Parliament of India has the power to create new states and Union territories or alter their boundaries.

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37. What is the role of the Chief Election Commissioner of India?

Answer: The Chief Election Commissioner heads the Election Commission of India and oversees the conduct of elections in the country.

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38. Define the term "Cabinet" in the context of the Indian government.

Answer: The Cabinet is a body of senior government ministers chosen by the Prime Minister. It is responsible for formulating policies and making decisions on key issues.

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39. What is the concept of "Rule of Law" in the Indian Constitution?

Answer: Rule of Law means that all individuals, including government officials, are subject to the law. It ensures fairness, justice, and equal treatment under the law.

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40. Explain the concept of the President's Rule in a State.

Answer: President's Rule is the imposition of direct federal rule by the President of India on a state, suspending the state government and the elected legislature.

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41. Who is the head of the State Executive in a state of India?

Answer: The Governor is the head of the State Executive in a state of India.

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42. What is the role of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)?

Answer: UPSC is responsible for conducting civil services examinations and recruiting candidates for various central government services.

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43. Define the term "Zero Hour" in parliamentary proceedings.

Answer: Zero Hour is a time during parliamentary sessions when members can raise important issues without prior notice. It allows for spontaneous discussions on urgent matters.

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44. What is the significance of the 97th Amendment to the Constitution?

Answer: The 97th Amendment deals with the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.

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45. Explain the concept of Double Jeopardy in the legal context.

Answer: Double Jeopardy means that a person cannot be prosecuted or punished twice for the same offense.

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46. What is the role of the Chief Justice of India as the "Master of the Roster"?

Answer: The Chief Justice of India, as the "Master of the Roster," has the authority to allocate cases and determine the benches that will hear them.

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47. Define the term "Cognizable Offense" in criminal law.

Answer: A cognizable offense is a serious crime for which a police officer can make an arrest without a warrant and start an investigation.

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48. What is the purpose of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in India?

Answer: NHRC is tasked with promoting and protecting human rights in India. It investigates complaints of human rights violations and recommends measures for their prevention.

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49. Explain the concept of the "Doctrine of Pleasure" regarding the President's appointment.

Answer: The Doctrine of Pleasure gives the President the authority to appoint or dismiss certain constitutional functionaries at their discretion.

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50. What is the role of the Chief Minister in a state government?

Answer: The Chief Minister is the head of the state government and is responsible for the overall administration and governance of the state.

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51. Define the term "Sedition" in the legal context.

Answer: Sedition involves conduct or speech inciting people to rebel against the authority of a state.

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52. What is the purpose of the National Green Tribunal (NGT) in India?

Answer: NGT is dedicated to hearing cases related to environmental protection and conservation. It addresses matters concerning the violation of environmental laws.

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53. Explain the concept of "Judicial Activism."

Answer: Judicial Activism refers to judges interpreting and shaping the law to address social issues actively. It involves the judiciary taking an assertive role in protecting individual rights.

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54. What is the significance of the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution?

Answer: The 73rd Amendment introduced Panchayati Raj institutions to ensure local self-governance in rural areas.

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55. Who appoints the Chief Justice and judges of the High Courts?

Answer: The President of India appoints the Chief Justice and judges of the High Courts in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the Governor of the respective state.

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56. Define the term "Contempt of Court."

Answer: Contempt of Court refers to any deliberate disobedience or disregard of the authority, justice, or dignity of a court.

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57. What is the purpose of the National Commission for Women (NCW) in India?

Answer: NCW is committed to promoting and protecting the rights of women. It investigates and addresses complaints related to women's rights.

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58. Explain the concept of "Public Interest Disclosure and Protection of Informers" or the Whistleblower Protection Act.

Answer: The Whistleblower Protection Act aims to protect individuals who expose corruption and wrongdoing in government organizations by providing them with legal safeguards.

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59. What is the role of the Attorney General of a State?

Answer: The Attorney General of a State is the chief legal advisor to the state government, providing legal guidance and representation.

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60. Define the term "Lok Adalat."

Answer: Lok Adalat is a forum where disputes are resolved amicably through mediation and conciliation, promoting speedy and cost-effective justice.

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61. What is the purpose of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)?

Answer: NCSC is tasked with investigating and monitoring the implementation of safeguards for Scheduled Castes and ensuring their socio-economic development.

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62. Explain the concept of "Doctrine of Lapse" in Indian history.

Answer: The Doctrine of Lapse was a policy through which the British East India Company annexed Indian states if their rulers died without a male heir.

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63. What is the significance of the 104th Amendment to the Constitution?

Answer: The 104th Amendment provides 10% reservation in government jobs and educational institutions for economically weaker sections of the general category.

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64. Who appoints the members of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)?

Answer: The President of India appoints the members of the UPSC, and they can serve until the age of 65.

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65. Define the term "Money Bill" in parliamentary procedures.

Answer: A Money Bill exclusively deals with matters related to taxation, government expenditure, or loans. It can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha and requires the President's assent.

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Important Scientific Equipment / Inventor / Use

Important Scientific Equipment / Inventor / Use | AISSEE | KV | JNV Entrance Exam 

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Microscope:

Inventor: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Use: Used to magnify and observe small objects, particularly microscopic organisms.

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Telescope:

Inventor: Hans Lippershey (often credited to Galileo Galilei)

Use: Designed for the observation of distant objects in astronomy.

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Barometer:

Inventor: Evangelista Torricelli

Use: Measures atmospheric pressure, used in meteorology.

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Spectrophotometer:

Inventor: Arnold O. Beckman

Use: Measures the intensity of light at different wavelengths, used in chemistry and biology for analyzing substances.

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Centrifuge:

Inventor: Marcello Malpighi

Use: Separates substances of different densities using centrifugal force, commonly used in biological and chemical laboratories.

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Electron Microscope:

Inventor: Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska

Use: Provides high-resolution images of extremely small objects using electron beams, used in various scientific fields.

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Machine:

Inventor: Kary B. Mullis

Use: Amplifies and analyzes DNA, important in molecular biology and genetics.

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Mass Spectrometer:

Inventor: Sir Joseph John Thomson

Use: Identifies and measures the mass of different particles within a sample, used in chemistry and biochemistry.

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Geiger-Muller Counter:

Inventors: Hans Geiger and Walther Muller

Use: Detects ionizing radiation, commonly used in nuclear physics and radiation protection.

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Chromatograph:

Inventors: Mikhail Tsvet

Use: Separates and analyzes complex mixtures, widely used in chemistry and biochemistry for identifying and quantifying components in a sample.

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Fluoroscope:

Inventor: Thomas Edison

Use: Produces real-time X-ray images of the internal structures of an object, commonly used in medical imaging.

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Galvanometer:

Inventor: André-Marie Ampère

Use: Measures electric current, used in electrical and electronics experiments.

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Oscilloscope:

Inventor: Karl Ferdinand Braun

Use: Displays and analyzes the waveform of electronic signals, used in electronics and telecommunications.

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Thermocouple:

Inventors: Thomas Johann Seebeck and Jean Charles Athanase Peltier

Use: Measures temperature by detecting the voltage produced by the temperature difference between two dissimilar metals.

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Pipette:

Inventor: Louis Pasteur

Use: Used to transport a measured volume of liquid, commonly used in chemistry and biology experiments.

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Tensiometer:

Inventor: Irving Langmuir

Use: Measures surface tension of liquids, used in physics and chemistry.

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Fume Hood:

Inventor: Ellen F. Ochoa (invented improvements)

Use: Provides a controlled environment for working with hazardous materials, used in laboratories.

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Viscometer:

Inventor: Ludwik Leibler

Use: Measures the viscosity of fluids, commonly used in chemistry and industry.

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Hydrometer:

Inventor: Thomas Allibone

Use: Measures the density of a liquid, often used in brewing and winemaking.

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Incubator:

Inventor: Hermann von Helmholtz (improved design)

Use: Maintains a controlled environment for the cultivation of microorganisms, cells, or tissues.

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Cryostat:

Inventor: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes

Use: Maintains very low temperatures, used in physics and materials science.

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Tachometer:

Inventor: Otto Schultze

Use: Measures the rotational speed of a shaft or disk, used in automotive and engineering applications.

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Coulter Counter:

Inventor: Wallace H. Coulter

Use: Counts and sizes particles suspended in a fluid, used in biology and medicine.

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Raman Spectrometer:

Inventor: Sir C. V. Raman

Use: Determines molecular vibrations in a sample, used in chemistry and materials science.

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Polarimeter:

Inventor: Étienne-Louis Malus

Use: Measures the angle of rotation of polarized light, used in chemistry.

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Hydrophone:

Inventor: Reginald Fessenden

Use: Detects and records sound underwater, used in marine biology and oceanography.

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Gyroscope:

Inventor: Léon Foucault

Use: Maintains orientation and balance in navigation and aerospace applications.

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Accelerometer:

Inventor: George Atwood

Use: Measures acceleration, used in various applications, including automotive and aerospace.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Machine:

Inventors: Raymond Damadian, Paul Lauterbur, and Peter Mansfield

Use: Produces detailed images of internal body structures using magnetic fields and radio waves.

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Autoclave:

Inventor: Charles Chamberland

Use: Sterilizes equipment and supplies by subjecting them to high-pressure saturated steam, used in microbiology and medicine.

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Colorimeter:

Inventor: Arthur C. Hardy and Edward A. Coblentz

Use: Measures the absorbance of different wavelengths of light, used in chemistry and biology.

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Microtome:

Inventor: Wilhelm His Sr.

Use: Cuts thin sections of materials for microscopic examination, used in histology and pathology.

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Pluviometer (Rain Gauge):

Inventor: Émilie Du Châtelet (credited for the development of a rain gauge)

Use: Measures the amount of rainfall in a specific area.

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Potentiostat:

Inventor: Jean Roux

Use: Controls the potential of a working electrode in electrochemical experiments, used in corrosion studies and battery research.

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Polariscope:

Inventor: Étienne-Louis Malus

Use: Analyzes and quantifies stress and strain in transparent materials, used in materials science.

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Scintillation Counter:

Inventor: Sir William Crookes

Use: Detects and measures ionizing radiation, used in nuclear physics and medical imaging.

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Gas Chromatograph:

Inventor: Archer John Porter Martin and Richard L. M. Synge

Use: Separates and analyzes volatile compounds in a gas phase, used in chemistry and environmental science.

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Weather Balloon:

Inventor: Léon Teisserenc de Bort

Use: Carries instruments into the upper atmosphere to collect meteorological data.

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Hemocytometer:

Inventor: Louis-Charles Malassez

Use: Counts blood cells under a microscope, used in hematology and medical research.

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Flow Cytometer:

Inventor: Mack Fulwyler

Use: Analyzes the physical and chemical characteristics of particles in a fluid, used in biology and medicine.

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Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC):

Inventor: E. S. Watson

Use: Measures the heat flow into or out of a sample, used in chemistry and materials science.

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SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device):

Inventor: John Clarke and Samuel P. Benz

Use: Measures extremely small magnetic fields, used in physics and medical imaging.

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Spectroradiometer:

Inventor: Alexander Michelson

Use: Measures the intensity of light at different wavelengths, used in optics and atmospheric science.

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Flow Meter:

Inventor: Otto Hoerni

Use: Measures the rate of flow of a fluid, used in various industries, including water management and oil and gas.

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Pycnometer:

Inventor: Archimedes (credited for the principle)

Use: Measures the density of a substance, used in chemistry and materials science.

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Particle Accelerator:

Inventor: John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton

Use: Accelerates charged particles to high speeds, used in nuclear physics research.

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Ionization Chamber:

Inventor: Hans Geiger

Use: Measures the number of ionizing particles in a chamber, used in radiation detection.

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Nephelometer:

Inventor: Robert Wilhelm Bunsen

Use: Measures the concentration of suspended particles in a liquid, used in environmental science and air quality monitoring.

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Rheometer:

Inventor: Eugene C. Bingham

Use: Measures the flow and deformation properties of materials, used in materials science and engineering.

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Total Station:

Inventor: Étienne Lenoir

Use: Combines electronic theodolite and electronic distance measuring (EDM) instrument for surveying and mapping.

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Capacitance Meter:

Inventor: Ewald Georg von Kleist (early capacitor invention)

Use: Measures the capacitance of a capacitor, used in electronics and electrical engineering.

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Kymograph:

Inventor: Carl Ludwig

Use: Records physiological movements, such as heart contractions, used in physiology experiments.

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Automated DNA Sequencer:

Inventors: Frederick Sanger and Walter Gilbert

Use: Determines the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule, used in genetics and molecular biology.

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Gas Analyzer:

Inventor: Martin David Kamen

Use: Measures the concentration of gases in a sample, used in environmental monitoring and industrial processes.

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Ion Chromatograph:

Inventors: James Lovelock and Andrew Troughton

Use: Separates and analyzes ions in a liquid, used in chemistry and environmental science.

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Fiber Optic Gyroscope:

Inventors: Kenneth W. Cockrell and Ioannis J. A. Voge

Use: Measures the rate of rotation using the interference of light in optical fibers, used in navigation systems.

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Optical Tweezers:

Inventor: Arthur Ashkin

Use: Uses focused laser beams to trap and manipulate microscopic particles, used in physics and biology.

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Stethoscope:

Inventor: René Laennec

Use: Listens to internal sounds of the body, particularly the heart and lungs, used in medicine.

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Gamma Camera:

Inventor: Hal O. Anger

Use: Scans the distribution of radioactive tracers in the body, used in nuclear medicine.

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Infrared Spectrometer:

Inventor: William Coblentz

Use: Analyzes the absorption of infrared light by a substance, used in chemistry and astronomy.

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Anemometer:

Inventor: Leon Battista Alberti (early design)

Use: Measures the speed and direction of wind, used in meteorology.

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Furnace:

Inventor: Ancient Egyptians (early design)

Use: Heats materials to high temperatures, used in metallurgy and materials science.

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Stereoscope:

Inventor: Charles Wheatstone

Use: Creates a three-dimensional view of images, used in photography and map reading.

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Cathode Ray Tube (CRT):

Inventor: Karl Ferdinand Braun

Use: Displays images through the manipulation of electron beams, used in early televisions and computer monitors.

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Dialysis Machine:

Inventor: Willem Johan Kolff

Use: Removes waste and excess fluids from the blood, used in the treatment of kidney failure.

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Blood Gas Analyzer:

Inventor: A. Brink

Use: Measures the levels of gases in blood, used in medical diagnostics.

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Carbon Dioxide Analyzer:

Inventor: David Keeling

Use: Measures the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air, used in environmental science and climate research.

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Dynamometer:

Inventor: Charles E. Coughlin

Use: Measures force, torque, or power, used in physics and engineering.

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Plasma Cutter:

Inventor: Robert Gage

Use: Cuts through electrically conductive materials using a high-velocity jet of hot plasma.

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Photoionization Detector (PID):

Inventor: Benko Korber

Use: Detects volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air, used in environmental monitoring and safety.

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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectrometer:

Inventors: Isidor Isaac Rabi, Felix Bloch, and Edward Mills Purcell

Use: Analyzes the nuclear magnetic properties of atoms, used in chemistry and biochemistry.

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Synchrotron:

Inventor: Donald W. Kerst (developed the first synchrotron at the University of Michigan)

Use: Accelerates charged particles in a circular path for various applications, including particle physics and materials science.

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Piezoelectric Sensor:

Inventor: Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie

Use: Converts mechanical stress into electrical voltage, used in various sensing applications.

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Chloroscope:

Inventor: Carl Wilhelm Scheele (early design)

Use: Detects the presence of chlorine gas, used in chemical analysis.

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Pyrometer:

Inventor: Josiah Wedgwood

Use: Measures high temperatures, often used in industrial processes.

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Inclinometer:

Inventor: George Adams

Use: Measures angles of inclination or tilt, used in geophysics and engineering.

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Moisture Analyzer:

Inventor: Lloyd V. Berkner

Use: Measures the moisture content of a substance, used in various industries.

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Refractometer:

Inventor: Ernst Abbe

Use: Measures the refractive index of a substance, used in chemistry and optics.

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Spectrofluorometer:

Inventor: Sir George G. Stokes (early development)

Use: Measures the fluorescence of a sample, used in biochemistry and materials science.

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Pyranometer:

Inventor: Thomas A. Moustakis

Use: Measures the solar radiation received by a surface, used in meteorology and solar energy studies.

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Autorefractor:

Inventor: David Volk

Use: Measures the refractive error of the eye, used in optometry and ophthalmology.

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Biosensor:

Inventor: Leland C. Clark and Ann Lyons

Use: Detects specific biological molecules, used in medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring.

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Langmuir Probe:

Inventor: Irving Langmuir

Use: Measures the temperature and density of ions in a plasma, used in plasma physics.

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Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM):

Inventor: Warren P. Mason

Use: Measures small mass changes on the surface of a quartz crystal, used in material science and chemistry.

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100 Important Inventions and their Inventors | आविष्‍कार और आविष्‍कारक | AISSEE | KV | JNV | Entrance Exam

Air Conditioner - Willis Haviland Carrier
Airplane (Powered) - Wilbur and Orville Wright
Analytical Engine (Precursor to Computers) - Charles Babbage
Antiseptic Surgery - Joseph Lister
Arithmometer (Mechanical Calculator) - Charles Babbage
Atomic Bomb - J. Robert Oppenheimer and team
Ballpoint Pen - Laszlo Biro
Barometer - Evangelista Torricelli
Basketball - James Naismith
Battery - Alessandro Volta
Braille - Louis Braille
Calculator - Blaise Pascal
Cement - Joseph Aspdin
Cotton Gin - Eli Whitney
Daguerreotype (Photography) - Louis Daguerre
Diesel Engine - Rudolf Diesel
Disposable Razor - King C. Gillette
DNA Double Helix Structure - James Watson and Francis Crick
Draisine (Bicycle Precursor) - Karl Drais
Electric Guitar - Adolph Rickenbacker and George Beauchamp
Electric Iron - Henry W. Seeley
Electric Power Transmission - Nikola Tesla
Electric Refrigerator - Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard
Electric Washing Machine - Alva J. Fisher
Electron Microscope - Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll
Elevator - Elisha Otis
Elevator Brake - Elisha Otis
ENIAC (Early Digital Computer) - John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
Fahrenheit Scale - Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
Fire Extinguisher - George William Manby
Firecracker - Li Tian
First Successful Airplane (Wright Flyer) - Orville and Wilbur Wright
Friction Match - John Walker
Gatling Gun - Richard Gatling
Geiger Counter - Hans Geiger
Harmonic Telegraph - Alexander Graham Bell
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) - Tim Berners-Lee
Instant Camera - Edwin Land
Insulin - Frederick Banting and Charles Best
Jet Engine - Frank Whittle
Jet Pack - Wendell Moore
Keplerian Telescope - Johannes Kepler
Laser - Arthur Schawlow and Charles Townes
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) - George H. Heilmeier
Light Bulb - Thomas Edison
Light Emitting Diode (LED) - Nick Holonyak Jr.
Lightning Rod - Benjamin Franklin
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Paul C. Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield
Marine Chronometer - John Harrison
Marine Chronometer - John Harrison
Mechanical Clock - Al-Jazari (Islamic Golden Age)
Mechanical Television - John Logie Baird
Metal Detector - Alexander Graham Bell
Microprocessor - Ted Hoff, Stanley Mazor, and Federico Faggin
Microwave Oven - Percy Spencer
Morse Code - Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail
Motion Picture Camera/Projector - Thomas Edison
Motorwagen (Gasoline-Powered Automobile) - Karl Benz
Nylon - Wallace Carothers
Pacemaker - Wilson Greatbatch
Pen - Lewis Waterman
Pencil with Eraser - Hyman Lipman
Penicillin - Alexander Fleming
Periodic Table - Dmitri Mendeleev
Polio Vaccine - Jonas Salk
Printing Press - Johannes Gutenberg
Printing Press with Movable Type - Bi Sheng (China)
Radar - Sir Robert Watson-Watt
Refrigeration System - Jacob Perkins
Remote Control - Robert Adler
Safety Glass - Edouard Benedictus
Safety Razor - King C. Gillette
Sandwich - John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich
Sewing Machine - Elias Howe
Singer Sewing Machine - Isaac Singer
Smallpox Vaccine - Edward Jenner
Solar Cell - Bell Laboratories
Spinning Jenny - James Hargreaves
Steam Engine - James Watt
Steam Turbine - Charles Parsons
Steamboat (Clermont) - Robert Fulton
Steam-Driven Locomotive - George Stephenson
Stethoscope - René Laennec
Telegraph - Samuel Morse
Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell
Telephone Exchange - Tivadar Puskás
Telescope - Hans Lippershey (Galileo Galilei improved upon it)
Television - Philo Farnsworth
Traffic Light - Garrett Morgan
Typewriter - Christopher Sholes
Velcro - George de Mestral
Voltaic Pile (Electric Battery) - Alessandro Volta
Wireless Telegraph - Guglielmo Marconi
World Wide Web - Tim Berners-Lee
World's First Computer Programmer - Ada Lovelace
X-ray - Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen